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He aha ka photovotaics?

2022-12-22

ʻO Photovoltaics ka hoʻololi pololei ʻana o ka mālamalama i ka uila ma ka pae atomika. Hōʻike kekahi mau mea i kahi waiwai i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hopena photoelectric e hoʻoiho iā lākou i nā kiʻi o ka māmā a hoʻokuʻu i nā electrons. Ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēia mau electrons manuahi, loaʻa ka hopena uila e hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka uila.

Ua ʻike mua ʻia ka hopena photoelectric e kekahi physicist Farani, ʻo Edmund Bequerel, i ka makahiki 1839, nāna i ʻike i kekahi mau mea e hoʻohua ai i nā mea uila liʻiliʻi ke ʻike ʻia i ka mālamalama. I ka makahiki 1905, ua wehewehe ʻo Albert Einstein i ke ʻano o ka mālamalama a me ka hopena photoelectric i hoʻokumu ʻia ai ka ʻenehana photovoltaic, a ua lanakila ʻo ia i ka makana Nobel ma ka physics. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka module photovoltaic mua e Bell Laboratories i ka makahiki 1954. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he pākahi lā a ʻo ka hapa nui o ka ʻimi no ka mea ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻohana ākea. I ka makahiki 1960, ua hoʻomaka ka ʻoihana ākea e hoʻohana mua i ka ʻenehana e hāʻawi i ka mana ma luna o ka mokulele. Ma o nā papahana ākea, ua holomua ka ʻenehana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kona hilinaʻi, a hoʻomaka ka emi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai. I ka wā pilikia o ka ikehu i nā makahiki 1970, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻenehana photovoltaic ma ke ʻano he kumu mana no nā noi kikowaena ʻole.

 


Hōʻike ke kiʻikuhi ma luna nei i ka hana ʻana o kahi cell photovoltaic maʻamau, i kapa ʻia hoʻi he cell solar. Hana ʻia nā cell solar i nā ʻano mea semiconductor like, e like me ke silicon, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana microelectronics. No nā pūnaewele lā, ua mālama kūikawā ʻia kahi wafer semiconductor lahilahi e hana i ke kahua uila, maikaʻi ma kekahi ʻaoʻao a ʻaʻole maikaʻi ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. Ke paʻi ka ikehu māmā i ka cell solar, ua kīkē ʻia nā electrons mai nā ʻātoma i loko o ka mea semiconductor. Inā hoʻopili ʻia nā mea hoʻokele uila i nā ʻaoʻao maikaʻi a me nā ʻaoʻao maikaʻi ʻole, e hana ana i kahi kaapuni uila, hiki ke hopu ʻia nā electrons ma ke ʻano o ke au uila - ʻo ia hoʻi, ka uila. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēia uila no ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka ukana, e like me ke kukui a i ʻole kahi mea hana.

Ua hoʻopili ʻia kekahi helu o nā cell solar i kekahi i kekahi a kau ʻia i kahi kūkulu kākoʻo a i ʻole kiʻi i kapa ʻia he modula photovoltaic. Hoʻolālā ʻia nā modula e hāʻawi i ka uila ma kekahi volts, e like me kahi ʻōnaehana 12 volts maʻamau. ʻO ka mea i hana ʻia i kēia manawa e pili pono ana i ka nui o ka māmā e paʻi i ka module.


Hoʻohana nā mea hana PV maʻamau i kēia lā i kahi hui hoʻokahi, a i ʻole ke kikowaena, e hana i ke kahua uila i loko o kahi semiconductor e like me ke kelepona PV. I loko o kahi pūnaewele PV hui hoʻokahi, ʻo nā kiʻi kiʻi wale nō ka like a i ʻole ka nui o ka ikehu ma mua o ka ʻāwaha pū o ka mea kelepona hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i kahi electron no kahi kaapuni uila. ʻO ia hoʻi, ʻo ka pane kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi kiʻi o nā pūnaewele hui hoʻokahi i kaupalena ʻia i ka ʻāpana o ka spectrum o ka lā nona ka ikehu ma luna o ka ʻāpana o ka mea hoʻomoe, a ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā photons haʻahaʻa.

ʻO kahi ala e hoʻopuni ai i kēia palena ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻelua (a ʻoi aku paha) nā kelepona ʻokoʻa, me ka ʻoi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi ʻāpana ʻāpana a ʻoi aku hoʻi ma mua o hoʻokahi hui, e hoʻohua i ka volta. Ua kapa ʻia kēia mau mea he "multijunction" cell (i kapa ʻia ʻo "cascade" a i ʻole "tandem" cell). Hiki i nā mea hana multijunction ke hoʻokō i kahi ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana no ka mea hiki iā lākou ke hoʻololi i ka nui o ka ikehu o ke kukui i ka uila.

E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma lalo nei, ʻo kahi hāmeʻa multijunction he pūʻulu o nā pūnaewele hui hoʻokahi ma ka ʻaoʻao iho o ka ʻāpana band (Eg). Hoʻopaʻa ka pūnaewele luna i nā kiʻi kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu a hāʻawi i ke koena o nā kiʻi e hoʻopili ʻia e nā pūnaewele haʻahaʻa-band-gap.

ʻO ka nui o nā noiʻi o kēia lā i nā cell multijunction e kālele ana i ka gallium arsenide ma ke ʻano hoʻokahi (a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea āpau) o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana. Ua hōʻea kēlā mau cell i ka pono ma kahi o 35% ma lalo o ka mālamalama o ka lā. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe i aʻo ʻia no nā mea hana multijunction ʻo ia ka silikona amorphous a me ka copper indium diselenide.

E like me ka laʻana, hoʻohana ka mea hana multijunction ma lalo i ke kelepona luna o ka gallium indium phosphide, "he hui tunnel," e kōkua i ke kahe ʻana o nā electrons ma waena o nā pūnaewele, a me ka cell lalo o gallium arsenide.


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